A review of advanced nanoformulations in phototherapy for cancer therapeutics

Phototherapy has the potential to play a greater role in oncology. Phototherapy converts light energy into either chemical energy or thermal energy, which eventually destroys cancer cells after a series of biological reactions. With nanotechnology applications in cancer therapeutics, it has become possible to prepare smart drug carriers with multifunctional properties at the nanoscale level. These nanocarriers may be able to deliver the drug molecules to the target site more efficiently in the form of nanoparticles. Several intrinsic and extrinsic properties of these nanocarriers help target the tumor cells exclusively, and by utilizing these features, drug molecules can be delivered to the tumor cells specifically, which results in high tumor uptake and better therapeutic effects ultimately. Nanocarriers can also be designed to carry different drugs together to provide a platform for combination therapy like chemo-photodynamic therapy and chemo-photodynamic-photothermal therapy. In combination therapy, co-delivery of all different drugs is crucial to obtain their synergistic effects, and with the help of nanocarriers, it is possible to co-deliver these drugs by loading them together onto the nanocarriers.