Monitoring honeybees (Apis spp.) (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in climate-smart agriculture: A review

Climate change is a major threat to agriculture production among small-scale farms worldwide. Climate-smart agriculture (CSA) is one of the technologies and strategies to sustain agriculture growth in a changing climate. Researchers are finding ways to collect big data, which are required to clarify local climate change and its impacts on agriculture to pinpoint the farming strategies for the practice of CSA. The honeybee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) hives around the world which are equipped with digital devices for continuously monitoring the status of colonies for precise beekeeping, accumulate huge amounts of data that can be used to address some questions about CSA. In this paper, we confer an overview of the big beehive data (BBD) and data science and identifies their potential applications to support CSA, as well as several challenges confronted by this approach. Here, we also outline that how can we predict the bee-plant interaction based on monitoring dynamics in honey production using novel and technological approaches. Numerous approaches including big data analytics, IoT, Wireless sensor network (WSN)-based monitoring systems, machine learning, and AI algorithms are being considered as a power source to assist in delivering novel insights and explication to the problems. We put in examples where all these approaches have been employed for monitoring and analyzing BBD. Moreover, we predict their role to aid in apiary management with the perspective of CSA.