Memory, fluency, and orientation: A five-minute screening test for cognitive decline

Background: The prevalence of cognitive impairment (CI) will double in the next 20 years, making early detection a key priority. Objectives: Validation of a 5-minute CI screening test. Methods: Adults aged 60 and older were recruited from memory clinics and the community at large in the Santiago, Chile metropolitan area. Based on clinical examination they were categorised as No CI (NCI), Mild CI (MCI) and dementia sufferers (DS). We measured the validity of a new test, MEFO, evaluating memory (5 points), phonetic verbal fluency (2 points) and orientation (6 points) by comparing its results with those from the MMSE. Results: We evaluated 214 subjects, comprising 49 with dementia, 47 with MCI, and 118 with no Cl. The MEFO differentiated between all 3 groups whereas the MMSE did not discriminate between the MCI and NCI groups. The area under the ROC curve (AUC) for the MEFO distinguishing NCI subjects from dementia sufferers was 0.97; for NCI vs CI (dementia + MCI), 0.89; and for NCI vs MCI, 0.80. On the MMSE these values were 0.95, 0.84, and 0.73, respectively. A cut-off score of 6/7 on the MEFO identified dementia sufferers with a sensitivity of 86% and a specificity of 96%. A cut-off score of 8/9 distinguished CI from NCI subjects with a sensitivity of 83% and a specificity of 75%. Conclusions: The MEFO is a valid and reliable test for discriminating between dementia and CI sufferers and subjects with no Cl. Its validity is similar to that the MMSE under these conditions, but it is more effective for identifying subjects with MCI and its administration time is shorter. (c) 2012 Sociedad Espanola de Neurologia. Published by Elsevier Espana, S.L. All rights reserved.