Visualising Shear Stress Distribution inside Flow Geometries Containing Pharmaceutical Powder Excipients Using Photo Stress Analysis Tomography and DEM Simulations

For the first time, photo stress analysis tomography (PSAT) is applied to probe the distribution of maximum shear stress and direction of major principal stress field within 'powder' assemblies inside hopper geometries, and further supported by discrete element model (DEM) simulations. The results show that for decrease in hopper angle, the direction of major principle stress aligns with the direction of gravity which could promote flow rate under dynamic conditions. Conversely, the propensity of developing relatively more non-homogeneous distribution of shear resistance zones inside powder assemblies increases with the hopper angle, which could subsequently decrease their macroscopic flow rate.