Integrated environmental management: The foundations for successful practice

Integrated environmental management (IEM) is a holistic and goal-oriented approach to environmental management that addresses interconnections through a strategic approach. Although no models of IEM have emerged, practitioners throughout the world are forging ahead with the concept. The literature indicates that stakeholder collaboration and public involvement are central to operationalizing this model, because this interaction produces a more integrated approach and generates support for implementation. However, it is not clear what steps and conditions are necessary for successful translation of IEM into operation. The author draws on twenty-three case studies from the United States and Australia, a survey of 285 Australian stakeholders and the literature to produce a framework for IEM. The framework identifies 20 elements that-if attained-will increase the likelihood of successful operationalization of IEM. These elements address structuring of an integrated approach, operation of stakeholder processes, and outputs and outcomes. The elements do not constitute a formula for success, but a generic set of attributes that constitute a foundation for effective practice.