Exploring Electrochemical Windows of Room-Temperature Ionic Liquids: A Computational Study

Room-temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) are regarded as green solvents due to their low volatility, low flammability, and thermal stability. RTILs exhibit wide electrochemical windows, making them prime candidates as media for electrochemically driven reactions such as electro-catalysis and electro-plating for separations applications. Therefore, understanding the factors determining edges of the electrochemical window, the electrochemical stability of the RTILs, and the degradation products is crucial to improve the efficiency and applicability of these systems. We present here computational investigations of the electrochemical properties of a variety of RTILs covering a wide range of electrochemical windows. We proposed four different approaches with different degrees of approximation and computational cost from gas-phase calculations to full explicit solvation models. It was found that, whereas the simplest model has significant flaws in accuracy, implicit and explicit solvent models can be used to reliably predict experimental data. The general trend of electrochemical windows of the RTILs studied is well reproduced, showing that it increases in the order of imidazolium < ammonium < pyrrolidinium < phosphonium giving confidence to the methodology presented to use it in screening studies of ionic liquids.