The "Flip Side" of Peter the Great's Reforms

Under discussion the question if Peter the Great's reforms were truly revolutionary. The author focuses on two aspects: the extent to which his innovations altered the patrimonial system that had dominated Muscovy over the previous three centuries, and the role arbitrariness, bribery, embezzlement and other kinds of corruption played during his reign. She examines the first Russian emperor's changes that most affected Russia's various estates, including the introduction of a poll tax, the conversion of peasants on state lands into state serfs, as well as the intensification of the nobility's service obligations and the reduction of its privileges. The author concludes that Peter not only did not destroy Muscovy's traditional patrimonial system, but intensified it and even used it to impose his reforms on a reluctant population. Meanwhile, although the emperor's initiatives in the sciences, arts and secular education were important, they only affected the upper class. In other respects, Peter's efforts to westernize his realm were only superficial. The author also considers how Russians regarded the notion of "freedom." She argues that there is a connection between seemingly opposite phenomena - the popular desire for freedom and arbitrariness of the service nobility. The author pays particular attention to corruption, which she considers to have had a major impact on the government's relationship with the elite, and was tolerated both to maintain the latter's loyalty but also to manipulate it.