Quantum phase diagrams and time-of-flight pictures of spin-1 Bose systems in honeycomb optical lattices

By treating the hopping parameter as a perturbation, with the help of cumulant expansion and the re-summing technique, the one-particle Green's function of a spin-1 Bose system in a honeycomb optical lattice is calculated analytically. By the use of the re-summed Green's function, the quantum phase diagrams of the system in ferromagnetic cases as well as in antiferromagnetic cases are determined. It is found that in antiferromagnetic cases the Mott insulating states with even filling factor are more robust against the hopping parameter than that with odd filling factor, in agreement with results via other different approaches. Moreover, in order to illustrate the effectiveness of the re-summed Green's function method in calculating time-of-flight pictures, the momentum distribution function of a honeycomb lattice spin-1 Bose system in the antiferromagnetic case is also calculated analytically and the corresponding time-of-flight absorption pictures are plotted.