Informal Caregiving and the Risk for Coronary Heart Disease: The Whitehall II Study

The stress associated with informal caregiving has been shown to be associated with poor health, including coronary heart disease (CHD). However, it is unclear if the risk of CHD is attributable to caregiving or prior poor health of the caregiver. We used data from the Whitehall II cohort study. Caregiving and caregivers health (using 3 measures: self-rated health, mental health using the General Health Questionnaire, and physical component score of the SF-36) were assessed in 19911993 among 5,468 men and 2,457 women aged 3963 years. CHD (fatal CHD, clinically verified nonfatal myocardial infarction, and definite angina) incidence was recorded for a mean 17 years; sociodemographic variables, health behaviors, and cardiovascular risk factors were included as covariates. Cox regression showed the risk of CHD in caregivers not to be higher (hazard ratio 1.18; 95% CI: 0.96, 1.45) compared with noncaregivers. Analyses stratified by health status showed that compared with noncaregivers in good health, caregivers with poor self-rated (hazard ratio 2.00; 95% CI: 1.44, 2.78), mental (hazard ratio 1.63; 95% CI: 1.16, 2.30), or physical (hazard ratio 1.87; 95% CI: 1.34, 2.62) health had greater risk of CHD. A similar elevated risk was observed in noncaregivers with poor health; no excess risk was observed among caregivers reporting good health, and the combined effect of poor health and caregiving did not exceed their independent effects. Caregiving in midlife is not in itself associated with greater risk of CHD, but it is associated with increased risk for CHD among caregivers who report being in poor health.