Validating the English Language Learner Motivation Scale (ELLMS): Pre-college to measure language learning motivational orientations among young ELLs

This study modified and validated a measure of motivational orientations - grounded in self-determination theory and originally developed for postsecondary students - for use with younger (pre-college) English language learners (ELLs). Exploratory factor analysis results in Sample A (n = 528) indicated that the data were best explained by a three-factor solution (intrinsic motivation, introjected regulation, and external regulation) that explained 51.6% of the variance. These results were corroborated by a confirmatory factor analysis in an independent Sample B (n = 529; GFI = .97, CFI = .96. SRMR = .04. RMSEA = .05). The test for invariance across the two samples further supported the validity of the measure. The modified instrument, named English Language Learner Motivation Scale (ELLMS): Pre-College, showed strong psychometric characteristics for use with elementary (ages 9-11 years), middle (ages 12-14 years), and high school (ages 16-17) ELLs. Applications of the measure are discussed. (C) 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.