Safety of high-dose daptomycin in patients with severe renal impairment

Background: Treatment options are limited for infections due to multidrug-resistant Gram-positive pathogens. Daptomycin is a lipopeptide antibiotic with concentration-dependent killing characteristic and dose-dependent post-antibiotic effect. To achieve optimized pharmacodynamic effect, some experts advocated using a high dose of daptomycin (>= 9 mg/kg) for severe infections. However, the safety of high-dose therapy in patients with renal impairment remains unknown. This study was aimed to evaluate the safety of daptomycin in patients with severe renal impairment. Methods: This was a retrospective study performed by reviewing electronic medical records. Patients with severe renal impairment who were treated with daptomycin in a tertiary teaching hospital between January 1, 2013, and June 30, 2016, were included for evaluation. The incidence rates of creatine kinase (CK) elevation between high-dose (>= 9 mg/kg) and standard-dose (<9 mg/kg) groups were compared. Results: Overall, 164 patients met the inclusion criteria, and 114 (69.5%) of them were on renal replacement therapy. Vancomycin-resistant enterococci were the most common pathogens (61.3%) of the patients with documented pathogens. The treatment success rate was 51.6% in the 91 patients with bacteremia. The average dose of daptomycin was 8.0 +/- 2.3 mg/kg, and 37 (22.6%) patients received >= 9 mg/kg. CK levels were followed in 108 (65.9%) patients. Significantly higher incidence of CK elevation was found in the high-dose group compared with that in the standard-dose group (10.8% vs 1.6%, P<0.05). Moreover, patients with elevated CK received a higher dose of daptomycin than those without (9.3 +/- 1.2 vs 7.9 +/- 2.3 mg/kg, P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the rate of CK elevation between patients treated with different dosing frequency or with the concurrent use of statins, fibrate, or colchicine. Conclusions: In patients with severe renal impairment, high-dose (>= 9 mg/kg) daptomycin therapy may result in a significantly higher incidence of CK elevation. More frequent CK monitoring is warranted to avoid potential harm in this population.