Current concepts in the surgical management of chronic ankle lateral ligament instability

Background/aims: Ankle sprains are common injuries which can lead to chronic lateral ankle ligament instability (CAI). Methods: The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of the epidemiology, pathophysiology, investigation, surgical management and rehabilitation of CAI. Results: Investigation of CAI is based on history, clinical examination, and imaging. Surgical management of CAI can be defined as anatomic reconstruction, anatomic and non anatomic repair of ATFL and/or CFL. Anatomic repair has been shown to have better functional outcomes and less secondary osteoarthritis when compared to non anatomic repair. Non-anatomic methods do not replicate the normal anatomical course of ATFL/CFL and may lead to stiffness. The most common surgical treatment for CAI is the open modified Brostrom repair augmented with the Gould modification. There are arthroscopic techniques being developed which have reported promising clinical results. However, there are considerable areas of further research which should be carried out to improve understanding and effectiveness of current treatment options. Standardised validated patient reported outcome measures and evidence-based protocols in the rehabilitation periods are crucial for positive and reproducible outcomes. Conclusion: Surgical repair has proven to show excellent outcomes for patients suffering from CAI, however larger prospective studies should be carried out to evaluate the use of newer surgical techniques.