Hypertension in hematologic malignancies and hematopoietic cell transplantation: An emerging issue with the introduction of novel treatments

Blood pressure levels are directly associated with cardiovascular and cerebrovascular morbidity and mortality, rendering arterial hypertension a major public health problem affecting almost 1 billion people worldwide. Several models have been used for cardiovascular risk prediction based on traditional cardiovascular risk factors. Among them, hypertension represents a factor that may be triggered by distinct pathogenetic mechanisms in specific disease populations. Accumulating evidence points towards an increased incidence of hypertension in patients with hematologic malignancies and recipients of hematopoietic cell transplantation. However, the role of hypertension in these entities remains under-reported in the relevant literature. In the complex setting of life-threatening conditions that need immediate and aggressive treatment, conditions that are common and easy to diagnose such as hypertension, may be neglected by treating physicians. However, hypertension may represent a key diagnostic and prognostic clinical finding in acute syndromes, such as thrombotic microangiopathy. Furthermore, hypertension may arise as a late effect of long-term survivors leading to increased morbidity and mortality across all age groups. Our concise review focuses on incidence, pathophysiology and management of hypertension in patients following hematopoietic cell transplantation and treatment for hematologic malignancies.