Drug withdrawal and rebound hypertension: Differential action of the central antihypertensive drugs moxonidine and clonidine

To examine the antihypertensive action of the centrally acting antiadrenergic drugs moxonidine and clonidine, systolic and diastolic blood pressure as well as heart rate were monitored by radio telemetry in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) with established high blood pressure. Increasing doses were administered with regular rat chow for 6-8 day periods. Moxonidine reduced (p < 0.05) diastolic blood pressure at a dose of 8 mg/kg/day and systolic blood pressure at 13 mg/kg/day. Heart rate was reduced during high activity of rats corresponding to an antitachycardiac action. After withdrawal of 18 mg/kg administered for only 1 day, blood pressure returned to pretreatment values within 8 days. Clonidine reduced systolic and diastolic blood pressure at 0.3 mg/kg/day. At 0.8 and 1.3 mg/kg/day, systolic blood pressure reduction was less pronounced, although heart rate was reduced further, reaching values that were below those of untreated sleeping rats. When 1.3 mg/kg/day clonidine was discontinued, systolic as well as diastolic blood pressure increased above pretreatment values within 1 day. A rebound was also observed in heart rate, which increased by 150 beats/ min. A comparable rebound in blood pressure was observed after withdrawal of 0.3 mg/kg/day. Since a blood pressure rebound occured also after withdrawal of 0.3 mg/kg/day clonidine in normotensive rats, the rebound phenomenon was independent of the presence of high blood pressure. No blood pressure rebound was observed when moxonidine (8 mg/kg/day) was administered (chow or gavage) in normotensive rats. These findings in unanesthetized undisturbed rats demonstrate distinct differences in the mode of action of moxonidine and clonidine, which can be accounted for by specific interactions of moxonidine with imidazoline I-1-receptors, whereas clonidine would interact not only with I-1-receptors but also with alpha(2)-adrenoceptors, and most probably also with the vagal activity. In view of our previous studies demonstrating a rise in blood pressure and heart rate after a hypercaloric dietary intake, the selective I-1-receptor agonist moxonidine appears particularly appropriate for treating overweight hypertension associated with an enhanced sympathetic outflow of the brain. Of importance in this respect is that a moxonidine-induced reduction in sympathetic outflow was not associated with a gain in body weight but resulted in reduced caloric intake.