Extraction of soybean oil using ethanol and mixtures with alkyl esters (biodiesel) as co-solvent: Kinetics and thermodynamics

The kinetics and thermodynamics of soybean extraction using ethanol and ethanol+ alkyl esters mixtures (biodiesel) as co-solvent were investigated. The extraction parameters investigated were temperature (25, 40 and 55 degrees C) and biodiesel to ethanol mass ratio. The extractions were carried out in batch mode at a fixed solvent to soybean mass ratio (4:1). Three different kinetic models were used to correlate the overall extraction curves, namely a first-order, second-order, and a mass transfer model based on Fick's Law. The mass transfer model presented a mean absolute relative deviation of 4.7%, while de. first and second-order models showed values around 10.1% and 4.4%, respectively. From the experimental results obtained, it was observed that higher temperatures affected positively the extraction yields. Furthermore, higher mass ratio of biodiesel to anhydrous ethanol provide higher extraction yields, at temperatures of 25 and 40 degrees C. At 55 degrees C, the extraction yields were not improved when adding the biodiesel as co-solvent to the anhydrous ethanol. On the other hand, using hydrated ethanol as solvent resulted in lower extraction yields, so higher amounts of biodiesel were necessary to reach the same levels of extractions performed using anhydrous ethanol. The thermodynamic analyses showed that both Delta H degrees and Delta S degrees are positive for this process, while negative values of Delta G degrees were found, that means the process evaluated is characterized as endothermic, irreversible and occurs spontaneously. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.