In vitro and in vivo studies into the biological activities of 1,10-phenanthroline, 1,10-phenanthroline-5,6-dione and its copper(II) and silver(I) complexes

1,10-Phenanthroline (phen, 5), 1,10-phenanthroline-5,6-dione (phendione, 6), [Cu(phendione) 3]( ClO4)(2)center dot 4H(2)O (12) and [Ag(phendione)(2)]ClO4 (13) are highly active, in vitro, against a range of normal and cancerous mammalian cells, fungal and insect cell lines, with the metal complexes offering a clear enhancement in activity. Cytoselectivity was not observed between the tumorigenic and non-tumorigenic mammalian lines. In in vivo tests, using Galleria mellonella and Swiss mice, all four compounds were well tolerated in comparison to the clinical agent, cisplatin. In addition, blood samples taken from the Swiss mice showed that the levels of the hepatic enzymes, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), remained unaffected. Immunocompromised nude mice showed a much lower tolerance to 13 and, subsequently, when these mice were implanted with Hep-G2 (hepatic) and HCT-8 (colon) human-derived tumors, there was no influence on tumor growth.