Religious climate and geographical distribution of depressive symptoms in older Dutch citizens

This study examines whether the degree of conservatism of the religious climate affects the geographical distribution of late life depressive symptoms. A U-shaped relationship is hypothesized: high levels of depressive symptoms at the extremes (both a-religious and hyperconservative), and a low level in the middle (moderate-conservative). Subjects are 3051 older Dutch citizens (55-85 years), living in 11 municipalities. Depressive symptoms are assessed using the CES-D. Religious climate is estimated on the municipality level, using percentages Votes on political parties with a Christian background (moderate-conservative versus hyperconservative). Using multi-level analysis, the results support the U-curve hypothesis. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.