Canonical Azimuthal Rotations and Flanking Residues Constrain the Orientation of Transmembrane Helices

In biological membranes the alignment of embedded proteins provides crucial structural information. The transmembrane (TM) parts have well-defined secondary structures, in most cases alpha-helices and their orientation is given by a tilt angle and an azimuthal rotation angle around the main axis. The tilt angle is readily visualized and has been found to be functionally relevant. However, there exist no general concepts on the corresponding azimuthal rotation. Here, we show that TM helices prefer discrete rotation angles. They arise from a combination of intrinsic properties of the helix geometry plus the influence of the position and type of flanking residues at both ends of the hydrophobic core. The helical geometry gives rise to canonical azimuthal angles for which the side chains of residues from the two ends of the TM helix tend to have maximum or minimum immersion within the membrane. This affects the preferential position of residues that fall near hydrophobic/polar interfaces of the membrane, depending on their hydrophobicity and capacity to form specific anchoring interactions. On this basis, we can explain the orientation and dynamics of TM helices and make accurate predictions, which correspond well to the experimental values of several model peptides (including dimers), and TM segments of polytopic membrane proteins.