Knowing efficiency: the enactment of efficiency in efficiency auditing

This paper reports an ethnographic study of the activities of auditors in the field as they work to fulfil an efficiency auditing mandate; it analyses how auditors report on efficiency in practice. Miller and Rose's work on governmentality (Miller, P., & Rose, N. (1990). Governing economic Life. Economy and Society, 1-31; Rose, N., & Miller, P. (1992). Political power beyond the state: problematics of government. British Journal of Sociology, 173-205) is developed as it applies to the technologies that Miller and Rose identify as providing the means to realise programmes such as efficiency auditing. The study explores the operationalisation of efficiency auditing through analysis of three audits as they were conducted in the field. It is argued that in the absence of detailed rules or standards practitioners themselves developed an agreed upon knowledge and sensibility that allowed them to make efficiency auditing tractable. The paper explicates these normative guides and discusses the consequences of an apparently socially constructed form of efficiency in guiding auditing practice. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.