Validation of a method to monitor the occurrence of 20 relevant pharmaceuticals and personal care products in 167 bottled waters

Research on emerging substances in drinking water presents major interest and the possibility of trace contamination has seen increasing concern from the scientific community and the public authorities. More particularly, residues of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in bottled water are a very important issue due to societal concerns and potential media impact. In this context, it has become necessary to carry out reliable monitoring. This requires measurements of high quality with demonstration of accuracy and well-defined uncertainty. In this study, 20 pharmaceutical compounds were targeted for the first time in 167 bottled waters from France and other European countries. An isotope dilution-solid phase extraction-liquid chromatography mass spectrometry method, together with stringent quality control and quality assurance protocols, was developed and validated according to French mandatory standards. Recoveries between 87% and 112% were obtained with coefficient of variation below 20%. Operational limits of quantification (LOQ) were comprised between 5 and 30 ng L-1. Expanded uncertainties (k = 2) ranged between 16% and 43% and were below 35% for half of the compounds. The survey showed only four positive quantifications, thereby highlighting the rarity of contamination. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.