L-Carnitine protects against arterial hypertension-related cardiac fibrosis through modulation of PPAR-γ expression

Cardiac fibrosis is a pathogenic factor in a variety of cardiovascular diseases and is characterized by an abnormal accumulation of extracellular matrix protein that leads to cardiac dysfunction. L-Carnitine (LC) plays an essential role in the beta-oxidation of long-chain fatty acids in lipid metabolism. We have previously demonstrated the beneficial effects of LC in hypertensive rats. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of LC on arterial hypertension-associated cardiac fibrosis and to explore the mechanisms of LC action. To this end, four groups of rats were used: Wistar (control), rats treated with 400 mg/kg/day of LC, rats treated with 25 mg/kg/day of L-NAME (to induce hypertension), and rats treated with LC + L-NAME simultaneously. We found an elevation in the myocardial expression of profibrotic factors (TGF-beta(1) and CTGF), types land III of collagen, and NADPH oxidase subunits (NOX2 and NOX4), in hypertensive rats when compared with normotensive ones. In addition, an increase in myocardial fibrosis was also found in the L-NAME group. These results were accompanied by a down-regulation of PPAR-gamma in the heart of hypertensive animals. When hypertensive rats were treated with LC, all these alterations were reversed. Moreover, a significant negative correlation was observed between myocardial interstitial fibrosis and mRNA expression of PPAR-gamma. In conclusion, the reduction of cardiac fibrosis and the down-regulation of NOX2, NOX4, TGF-beta(1) and CTGF induced by LC might be, at least hi part, mediated by an upregulation of PPAR-gamma, which leads to a reduction on hypertension-related cardiac fibrosis. (c) 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.