Fate and transformation of silver nanoparticles in urban wastewater systems

被引:366
作者
Kaegi, Ralf [1 ]
Voegelin, Andreas [1 ]
Ort, Christoph [1 ]
Sinnet, Brian [1 ]
Thalmann, Basilius [1 ]
Krismer, Jasmin [2 ]
Hagendorfer, Harald [3 ]
Elumelu, Maline [1 ]
Mueller, Elisabeth [4 ]
机构
[1] Eawag, Swiss Fed Inst Aquat Sci & Technol, CH-8600 Dubendorf, Switzerland
[2] ETH, Organ Chem Lab, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
[3] Eawag, Swiss Fed Labs Mat Sci & Technol, CH-8600 Dubendorf, Switzerland
[4] EMEZ, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
关键词
Silver nanoparticles; Wastewater; Sewer channel; Sulfidation; Silver speciation; TRANSMISSION ELECTRON-MICROSCOPY; ION RELEASE KINETICS; AG NANOPARTICLES; TREATMENT-PLANT; SULFIDE; DISSOLUTION; NANOSILVER; TOXICITY; PRODUCTS; IMPACT;
D O I
10.1016/j.watres.2012.11.060
中图分类号
X [环境科学、安全科学];
学科分类号
08 ; 0830 ;
摘要
Discharge of silver nanoparticles (Ag-NP) from textiles and cosmetics, todays major application areas for metallic Ag-NP, into wastewater is inevitable. Transformation and removal processes in sewers and wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) will determine the impact of Ag-NP on aquatic an terrestrial environments, via the effluents of the WWTP and via the use of digested sludge as fertilizer. We thus conducted experiments addressing the behavior of Ag-NP in sewers and in WWTP. We spiked Ag-NP to a 5 km long main trunk sewer and collected 40 wastewater samples after 500 m, 2400 m and 5000 m each according to the expected travel times of the Ag-NP. Excellent mass closure of the Ag derived by multiplying the measured Ag concentrations times the volumetric flow rates indicate an efficient transport of the Ag-NP without substantial losses to the sewer biofilm. Ag-NP reacted with raw wastewater in batch experiments were sulfidized to roughly 15% after 5 h reaction time as revealed by X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). However, acid volatile sulfide (AVS) concentrations were substantially higher in the sewer channel (100 mu M) compared to the batch experiments (3 mu M; still sufficient to sulfidize spiked 2 mu M Ag) possibly resulting in a higher degree of sulfidation in the sewer channel. We further investigated the removal efficiency of 10 nm and 100 nm Ag- and gold (Au)-NP coated with citrate or polyvinylpyrrolidone in activated sludge batch experiments. We obtained very high removal efficiencies (similar to 99%) irrespective of size and coating for Ag- and Au-NP, the latter confirming that the particle type was of minor importance with respect to the degree of NP removal. We observed a strong size dependence of the sulfidation kinetics. We conclude that Ag-NP discharged to the wastewater stream will become sulfidized to various degrees in the sewer system and are efficiently transported to the WWTP. The sulfidation of the Ag-NP will continue in the WWTP, but primarily depending on the size the Ag-NP, may not be complete. Very high removal efficiencies in the WWTP will divert most of the Ag-NP mass flow to the digester and only a small fraction of the Ag will be released to surface waters. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
引用
收藏
页码:3866 / 3877
页数:12
相关论文
共 45 条
[1]   The Release of Nanosilver from Consumer Products Used in the Home [J].
Benn, Troy ;
Cavanagh, Bridget ;
Hristovski, Kiril ;
Posner, Jonathan D. ;
Westerhoff, Paul .
JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY, 2010, 39 (06) :1875-1882
[2]   Nanoparticle silver released into water from commercially available sock fabrics [J].
Benn, Troy M. ;
Westerhoff, Paul .
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, 2008, 42 (11) :4133-4139
[3]   Silver nanoparticles: Behaviour and effects in the aquatic environment [J].
Fabrega, Julia ;
Luoma, Samuel N. ;
Tyler, Charles R. ;
Galloway, Tamara S. ;
Lead, Jamie R. .
ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL, 2011, 37 (02) :517-531
[4]   Interactions of Silver Nanoparticles with Pseudomonas putida Biofilms [J].
Fabrega, Julia ;
Renshaw, Joanna C. ;
Lead, Jamie R. .
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, 2009, 43 (23) :9004-9009
[5]   Characterization of the effluent from a nanosilver producing washing machine [J].
Farkas, Julia ;
Peter, Hannes ;
Christian, Paul ;
Urrea, Julian Alberto Gallego ;
Hassellov, Martin ;
Tuoriniemi, Jani ;
Gustafsson, Stefan ;
Olsson, Eva ;
Hylland, Ketil ;
Thomas, Kevin Victor .
ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL, 2011, 37 (06) :1057-1062
[6]   The Behavior of Silver Nanotextiles during Washing [J].
Geranio, L. ;
Heuberger, M. ;
Nowack, B. .
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, 2009, 43 (21) :8113-8118
[7]  
Grier N., 1983, DISINFECTION STERILI, V3rd, P375
[8]   Characterization of Silver Nanoparticle Products Using Asymmetric Flow Field Flow Fractionation with a Multidetector Approach - a Comparison to Transmission Electron Microscopy and Batch Dynamic Light Scattering [J].
Hagendorfer, H. ;
Kaegi, R. ;
Parlinska, M. ;
Sinnet, B. ;
Ludwig, C. ;
Ulrich, A. .
ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY, 2012, 84 (06) :2678-2685
[9]   Estimating Production Data for Five Engineered Nanomaterials As a Basis for Exposure Assessment [J].
Hendren, Christine Ogilvie ;
Mesnard, Xavier ;
Droege, Jocelyn ;
Wiesner, Mark R. .
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, 2011, 45 (07) :2562-2569
[10]   Removal of silver nanoparticles in simulated wastewater treatment processes and its impact on COD and NH4 reduction [J].
Hou, Linlin ;
Li, Kaiyang ;
Ding, Yuanzhao ;
Li, Yan ;
Chen, Jian ;
Wu, Xiaolei ;
Li, Xiqing .
CHEMOSPHERE, 2012, 87 (03) :248-252