HLA-DRhi and CCR9 Define a Pro-Inflammatory Monocyte Subset in IBD

OBJECTIVES: It has been demonstrated that circulating monocytes relocate to the intestinal mucosa during intestinal inflammation, but the phenotype and inflammatory mechanisms of these monocytes remain poorly understood. Here, we have investigated blood monocytes expressing high levels of HLA-DR and CCR9 in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). METHODS: Fifty-one patients with mild to severe ulcerative colitis (UC; n = 31; UC-DAI 3-12) or Crohn's disease (CD; n = 20; Harvey-Bradshaw indices (HBI) 2-16) were included together with 14 controls, during IBD therapy for four consecutive weeks. The frequency of CD14(+)HLA-DR hi monocytes was monitored weekly in peripheral blood, using flow cytometry. The surface phenotype and cytokine profile of these monocytes were established using flow cytometry and real-time PCR. Clinical parameters were assessed weekly in all patients. RESULTS: The frequency of circulating CD14(+)HLA-DRhi monocytes was significantly higher in IBD patients with moderate to severe disease compared with healthy controls (P<0.001). During treatment with corticosteroids and granulocyte/monocyte apheresis, the proportion of circulating CD14(+)HLA-DR hi monocytes was significantly reduced. CD14(+)HLA-DR hi monocytes produced high levels of inflammatory mediators, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, and expressed the gut-homing receptor CCR9. Furthermore, we found that the CCR9 ligand, CCL25/TECK, was expressed at high levels in the colonic mucosa in IBD patients with active disease. CONCLUSIONS: CD14(+)HLA-DR hi blood monocytes were increased in patients with active IBD. These monocytes exhibit a pro-inflammatory, gut-homing phenotype with regard to their TNF-alpha production and expression of CCR9. Our results suggest that these monocytes are important in mediating intestinal inflammation, and provide potential therapeutic targets in IBD.