Robot-assisted renal transplantation using the retroperitoneal approach (RART) with more than one year follow up: Description of the technique and results

Objectives. - To describe the technique and report our first experience of robotic-assisted renal transplantation (RART) with more than one year follow up. Patients and methods. - In our center the first case of RART was realized in October 2013 with a cadaveric graft. We used the combined extra- and intraperitoneal robot assisted laparoscopic route with extraperitoneal positioning of the graft and intraperitoneal transplantation. The patient was placed in the supine position with arms along the body; the robot came from the right inferior part of the patient. Access to the retroperitoneal space was obtained using an Alexis trocar that permitted the insertion of the kidney with ice without losing the pneumoperitoneum. Ports included a 12-mm camera port (placed under the ombilicus), two 8-mm robotic ports (placed 6 cms laterally from the previous port) and a 12-mm assistant port (placed between the upper port and the ombilic). All the pre-, per- and postoperative data were prospectively included in a database. We report the results of the initial experience of RART, performed with more than one year follow-up. Results. - This technique is the first described using the retroperitoneal approach that is the routine approach for conventional open renal transplantation. This approach permitted to perform excellent arterial, veinous and ureteral anastomosis. Eight cases of RART were conducted between October 2013 and November 2015 (five men and three women). The average age was 58 years (range 39-75 years). The average body mass index was 28 (range 22-38). Five patients had history of abdominal surgery and were dialyzed for 30 months on average (range 3-63 months). Three left and five right cadavers kidneys were transplanted in the right iliac fossa. The mean graft size was 109 mm (range 90-130). The mean length of the incision for insertion of the graft was 60 mms (40-100 mms). Mean warm ischemia time was 63 minutes (range 46-84). The total operative time was 200 minutes (149-245). No patient was transfused during surgery and two were transfused postoperatively. Median length of hospital stay was 14 days (range 10-30 days). Only one patient needed postoperative morphine, the pain visual analogic scale 12 hours postoperatively was 2 (0-5). Mean serum creatinine at seven days, at three months and at one year was 400 (98-639 micromol/L), 151 (80-235 micromol/L) and 129 (86-194 micromol/L) respectively. At one year follow-up, no patient had a wound infection or incisional hernia. One patient was re-operated for ureteral anastomosis stricture. Conclusion. - The retroperitoneal approach for RART permits the kidney to be cooled and a direct access to the iliac vessels and bladder. This initial series with more than a year of post-monitoring RART shows promising results despite some initial technical difficulties. The procedure can still be improved and hoped to see an improvement in the results. A comparison to the results of the conventional route is necessary before diffusing the robot-assisted technique. (C) 2017 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.