[1] Univ Penn, Perelman Sch Med, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
[2] Univ Penn, Sch Arts & Sci, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
[3] Univ Penn, Penn Med Ctr Hlth Equ Adv, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
[4] Univ Penn, Leonard Davis Inst Hlth Econ, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
[5] Univ Penn, Carey Law Sch, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
[6] Univ Penn, Penn Program Race Sci & Soc, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
[7] Harvard Med Sch, Boston, MA 02115 USA
[8] Yale Sch Med, Dept Emergency Med, New Haven, CT USA
[9] Brown Univ, Warren Alpert Med Sch, Providence, RI 02912 USA