Colorectal carcinogenesis

Colorectal adenocarcinomas were long thought to be an homogeneous entity, in which traditional adenomas of the colon were the best-recognized and most common precursor lesions. Current morphological and molecular data suggest an alternative pathway of colorectal carcinogenesis involving "serrated neoplasia". This pathway seems to be responsible for approximately 10 % to 15 % of sporadic colorectal adenocarcinomas. These serrated lesions, that may progress to cancel; show relatively distinct histopathological molecular and epigenetic features not commonly seen in traditional adenomas. Key characteristics of the serrated neoplasia pathway include BRAF gene mutations, excess CpG island methylation, and subsequent microsatellite instability A major challenge for pathologists is to identify these new potential precursor lesions, in order to enable early diagnosis and treatment.