Elements of a network theory of complex adaptive systems

The need to understand and manage complex systems is increasing in importance, but complexity theory is still hampered by being highly fragmented in nature. This article argues that many elements for a general theory of complexity now exist and briefly reviews the main features. First, the universal nature of network model of complexity provides a suitable foundation for a general theory. A brief summary of the network model is followed by a discussion of related issues, including simulation, dynamics and self-organisation. Gaps identified include the need for formal methods to describe complexity and to identify structural equivalence. Finally, some important lessons from biology are summarised.