Multiscale, finite-frequency P and S tomography of the upper mantle in the southwestern Fennoscandian Shield

We image the P-and S-wave structure of the upper mantle in southwestern Scandinavia using a wavelet-based, multiscale parametrization and finite-frequency theory to model wave propagation. Relative traveltime residuals of direct P and S waves are measured in a high-and low-frequency band and are corrected for crustal structure using a detailed model for the study area. A range of resolution tests are used to find optimal damping values not only for variations in V-P and V-S separately, but also for perturbations in their ratio V-P/V-S. The tests show that features down to a size of 100 (150) km can be well resolved in the P (S) tomography. To ease comparison with previous studies we also perform ray-theoretical multiscale tomographies, and to test the degree of vertical smearing we evaluate different parametrizations in the vertical direction (wavelet-based multiscale and convolutional quelling). Our finite-frequency, multiscale images of variations in V-P and V-S confirm the existence of low velocities below southern Norway and Denmark and high velocities beneath the shield proper in Sweden, as seen in previous studies, but add more details to this simplified picture. The low velocities below southern Norway and Denmark are confined to a channel-like structure at about 100-200 km depth, and the lateral transition from low to high velocities follows zones of Carboniferous-Permian extension and magmatism very closely. A deeper low-velocity anomaly below central southern Norway emerges from the channel at 150 km depth and extends to a depth of 350 km. In the Swedish area we infer high-velocity anomalies in V-P and V-S, and negative anomalies in V-P/V-S that indicate a strongly depleted mantle. We propose that the episodic erosion and convective removal of an originally thick mantle lithosphere below southern Norway to its current thickness of about 100 km could have been a trigger for episodic uplift in the Mesozoic and Cenozoic.