Molecular phylogeny of fungus gnats (Diptera: Mycetophilidae) revisited: position of Manotinae, Metanepsiini, and other enigmatic taxa as inferred from multigene analysis

The phylogeny of selected genera from four subfamilies of fungus gnats (Diptera: Mycetophilidae) - Manotinae, Leiinae, Sciophilinae and Gnoristinae (including Metanepsiini) - is reconstructed based on the combined analysis of five mitochondrial (12S, 16S, COI, COII, cytB) and two nuclear (28S, ITS2) gene markers. Results of the different analyses all support Manotinae as a monophyletic group, with Leiinae as the sister group. AllactoneuraDeMeijere is nested in the monophyletic and strongly supported clade of Leiinae. The tribe Metanepsiini is revealed as paraphyletic and the genera MetanepsiaEdwards and ChalastonepsiaSOli do not appear to be closely related. The genera DocosiaWinnertz, EctrepesthoneuraEnderlein, NovakiaStrobl and SyntemnaWinnertz were placed with a group of genera included traditionally in the Gnoristinae. The monophyly of DziedzickiaJohannsen and PhthiniaWinnertz is not supported. The genera of Sciophilinae (excluding ParatiniaMik but including EudicranaLoew) form a monophyletic group in the Bayesian model.