Effects from parasitism and parasitic litter input can affect the decomposition of litter, but the mechanism is unclear. We hypothesized that the decomposition of litter produced by the holoparasite Cuscuta australis is promoted more strongly by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) than the litter of its host Bidens pilosa and that parasitism by C. australis can indirectly suppress the ability of AMF to promote the decomposition of host B. pilosa litter. We conducted two container experiments to compare the effect of AMF on the decomposition of 15Nlabelled C. australis and B. pilosa litter filled in litter bags and to test the effect of C. australis parasitism on the decomposition of B. pilosa litter by AMF. The percentage of 15N remaining, AMF hyphal density, and enzyme activity in the litter bags were measured, and the bacterial communities in the litter bags were also tested using 16S amplicon sequencing. We found that the amount of 15N that remained in the bags with C. australis litter was significantly higher than that in the bags with B. pilosa litter. AMF significantly decreased the remaining 15N and changed the bacterial community in bags with B. pilosa litter but did not significantly affect these factors in the bags with C. australis litter. The bacterial diversity, AMF hyphal density and the abundance of several genes related to the N cycle, including assimilatory nitrate reduction and anaerobic ammonium oxidation, in the bags with C. australis litter were significantly lower than those in the bags with host litter. Parasitism significantly reduced the hyphal density of AMF, increased the 15N that remained in litter bags, and decreased the abundance of several genes related to the N cycle, such as those involved in anaerobic ammonium oxidation. Our results indicate that AMF plays a key role in the parasitism and litter effects of parasitic plants on soil nutrient cycling.
机构:
Chiang Mai Univ, Fac Sci, Res Ctr Microbial Divers & Sustainable Utilizat, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
Rajarata Univ Sri Lanka, Fac Appl Sci, Mihintale 50300, Sri LankaChiang Mai Univ, Fac Sci, Res Ctr Microbial Divers & Sustainable Utilizat, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
Kalamulla, Ruwanthika
Karunarathna, Samantha C.
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Qujing Normal Univ, Coll Biol Resource & Food Engn, Ctr Yunnan Plateau Biol Resources Protect & Utili, Qujing 655011, Peoples R ChinaChiang Mai Univ, Fac Sci, Res Ctr Microbial Divers & Sustainable Utilizat, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
Karunarathna, Samantha C.
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Tibpromma, Saowaluck
Galappaththi, Mahesh C. A.
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Univ Peradeniya, Postgrad Inst Sci PGIS, Peradeniya 20400, Sri LankaChiang Mai Univ, Fac Sci, Res Ctr Microbial Divers & Sustainable Utilizat, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
Galappaththi, Mahesh C. A.
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Suwannarach, Nakarin
Stephenson, Steven L.
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Univ Arkansas, Dept Biol Sci, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USAChiang Mai Univ, Fac Sci, Res Ctr Microbial Divers & Sustainable Utilizat, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
Stephenson, Steven L.
Asad, Suhail
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Puer Univ, Sch Biol & Chem, Puer 665000, Peoples R ChinaChiang Mai Univ, Fac Sci, Res Ctr Microbial Divers & Sustainable Utilizat, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
Asad, Suhail
Salem, Ziad Salman
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Qujing Normal Univ, Dept Econ & Management, Qujing 655011, Peoples R ChinaChiang Mai Univ, Fac Sci, Res Ctr Microbial Divers & Sustainable Utilizat, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
Salem, Ziad Salman
Yapa, Neelamanie
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Rajarata Univ Sri Lanka, Fac Appl Sci, Mihintale 50300, Sri LankaChiang Mai Univ, Fac Sci, Res Ctr Microbial Divers & Sustainable Utilizat, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand