The role of bacterial ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters in pathogenesis and virulence: Therapeutic and vaccine potential

The ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter superfamily is found in all domains of life, facilitating critical bio-logical processes through the translocation of a wide variety of substrates from, ions to proteins, across cellular membranes in an ATP-coupled process. The role of ABC transporters in eukaryotes has been well established: the facilitation of genetic diseases and multi-drug resistance (MDR) in cancer patients. In contrast, the role of ABC transporters in prokaryotes has been ambiguous due to their diverse functions and the sheer number of organisms in which they reside. This review examines the role of bacterial ABC transporters in pathogenesis and virulence, and their potential for therapeutic and vaccine application. We demonstrate how ABC transporters play a vital role in the virulence and pathogenesis of several pathogenic bacteria through the import of essential molecules, such as metal ions, amino acids, peptides, vitamins and osmoprotectants, as well as, the export of virulent de-terminants involved in glycoconjugate biosynthesis and Type I secretion. Furthermore, ABC exporters facilitate the persistence of pathogenic bacteria through the export of toxic xenobiotic substances, thus, contributing to the development of antimicrobial resistance. We also show that ABC transporters display considerable potential for therapeutic application through immunisation and resistance reversal. In conclusion, bacterial ABC transporters play an immense role in virulence and pathogenesis and display desirable traits for clinical use, therefore, potentially aiding in the battle against MDR.