Large-time dynamics of the asymptotic Lohe model with a small time-delay

We study the asymptotic behavior of an ensemble of identical Lohe oscillators on the unit sphere S-d in the presence of small time delay interaction effects. When there is no time delay, the ensemble of identical Lohe oscillators collapses asymptotically to a one-cluster ensemble on the sphere; its asymptotic dynamics are governed by linear motion on the unit sphere with a constant natural velocity. We show that the presence of a small time delay can induce rich dynamical features such as asymptotic changes in the velocity and asymptotic low-dimensional dynamics in high-dimensional cases. For d = 1, the Lohe dynamics is equivalent to the Kuramoto dynamics via polar coordinates. In this case, the modified asymptotic frequency is uniquely determined by an implicit relation based on the natural frequency, coupling strength, and time delay. For d = 3, we show that the dynamics of identical Lohe oscillators converges to the Kuramoto dynamics for properly chosen initial configurations. We also provide several numerical simulations to confirm our analytical results.