Surface analysis using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

This article reports on an advanced level physical chemistry laboratory experiment designed for college-level undergraduate education and for scholars who need specialized training on using and interpreting X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. A presentation and discussion of the use of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy in the surface characterization of six common samples are emphasized. The six samples were copper foil, copper nanoplatelets, amorphous carbon, graphite rod, uncoated and coated glass (respectively labeled as glass side A and glass side B). Survey spectra obtained for each sample were compared to known literature spectra allowing for the identification of the element types present in each sample. Furthermore, quantitative information regarding the mass percentages of each element type was also obtained and is presented herein. On an educational standpoint, this article will allow any reader, in particular, undergraduate and graduate students, to gain a better understanding of the theory and practice of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.