Extracellular vesicle identification in tooth movement models

Structured Abstract Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are 30-150 nm in diameter vesicles released by cells that serve important intercellular regulatory functions. EVs include exosomes and microvesicles. Exosomes form in multivesicular bodies and are released extracellularly as the multivesicular bodies fuse with the plasma membrane. Microvesicles bud directly from the plasma membrane. Here, we examine methods that are available or emerging to detect and study EVs during orthodontic tooth movement (OTM). EV's involvement in regulating bone remodelling associated with OTM may be demonstrated by adding isolated EVs to an animal model to change the rate of tooth movement. Exosomes in multivesicular bodies might be detected by immunogold labelling of markers in sections from the tooth and jaw and detection by electron microscopy. Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) is enriched in EVs. Detection and characterization of EVs released by osteoclasts during resorption have been described, and this information could be used to analyse EVs in OTM models. Regulatory EVs may be enriched in the GCF from teeth that are being moved or are undergoing root resorption. Emerging approaches, including nanoparticle tracking, ExoView and micro- and nanofluidics, show promise for studying EVs in the GCF. Techniques that amplify signal, including polymerase chain reaction (PCR), provide the sensitivity necessary to utilize EVs from GCF as biomarkers. Studies of the role of EVs in OTM will provide fresh insight that may identify means for enhancing OTM procedures. EVs in GCF may include biomarkers for bone remodelling during OTM, orthodontic-associated root resorption, and other dental pathologies.