Elevated soil phosphorus levels are often used as indicators for prehistoric manuring. However, in this article it is argued that though P is indeed a good anthropogenic marker, multi-element analyses can provide more insight into former fertilisation practices and land use. Here, we compare the ability of both traditional total P analysis and multi-element analysis by ICP-MS to identify prehistoric manuring on soil samples from a well-preserved prehistoric Celtic field system in Denmark. The ICP-MS data set of 58 soil samples was furthermore analysed by multivariate analysis (PCA). Results show that the stronger extraction for the multi-element analysis releases significantly more P than the traditional analysis but similar archaeological interpretations based on relative P enrichments can be made. Among the 42 analysed elements, 11 were significantly (P < 0.01) enhanced in the fields relative to a reference soil, namely Na, P. K, Ca, Mn and Sr and the rare earth elements (REE's), Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd and Dy. Cobalt was the only element which was depleted within the field system. Enhanced P levels show that manuring was practiced, while elevated concentrations of Sr indicate that not only animal manure but also bones/domestic waste was added. Furthermore, the enhancement pattern of some major and minor elements indicate that unweathered subsoil was incorporated into the topsoil probably through tillage erosion until approximately 2000 years ago. The study also indicates that the banks demarcating the individual fields were made of the same material as the field plough-layers, which makes within-field soil relocation the most likely cause of the banks. (c) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
