Distribution of maternal lineages in hunter-gatherer societies of the southern coast of Tierra del Fuego, Argentina

Objectives The aim of this work is to explore the maternal genetic diversity of hunter-gatherers of the southern Tierra del Fuego, specifically the north coast of Beagle Channel, the Peninsula Mitre, and Isla de los Estados through ancient mitochondrial DNA analysis. Materials and Methods The hypervariable regions 1 and 2 of the mitochondrial genome of five individuals from the north coast of Beagle Channel, six individuals from Peninsula Mitre, and one individual from Isla de los Estados were analyzed. Through diversity statistics, Analysis of Molecular Variance (AMOVA), and Median Joining networks analyses, maternal relationships in the region were evaluated and phylogenetic similarities between ancient and contemporary populations of Tierra del Fuego were determined. Results The mitochondrial DNA lineages from the ancient individuals analyzed reveals the presence of subclades C1b and D1g. Pattern of decreasing genetic diversity toward the South is observed. The AMOVAs performed found no statistically significant differences between individuals of the north coast of Beagle Channel and Peninsula Mitre-Isla de los Estados, and modern Yamana populations. Median joining network of haplotypes of clades C1 and D1g, show the same results. Discussion Ethnohistoric and ethnographic records of Peninsula Mitre show that this region was occupied during the 19th century by Haush or Manekenk populations, although their biological, cultural, and subsistence characterization is unclear. We explore their maternal lineages and encounter low levels of genetic diversity and the absence of population differentiation with modern Yamana groups. We suggest that Peninsula Mitre-Isla de los Estado was part of the same hunting and gathering populations as those of the Beagle Channel.