Physical activity and posttraumatic growth: A systematic review of quantitative and qualitative studies

Objectives: This systematic review aimed to examine the relationships between physical activity and posttraumatic growth (PTG) following a highly stressful life event. Design: A systematic review was conducted to identify eligible articles. A meta-analysis was conducted for quantitative studies and a meta-ethnographic synthesis was conducted for qualitative studies. Method: After systematic searches of five databases and literature screening, 20 quantitative studies and 12 qualitative studies were included in the final review. A meta-analysis of 14 quantitative studies was conducted to examine association between leisure-time physical activity and PTG. A meta-ethnographic synthesis of 10 qualitative studies was conducted to examine the relationship between physical activity and the experience of PTG. Results: The meta-analysis revealed a positive, yet small, association between leisure-time physical activity and PTG (average correlation= 0.120; 95% confidence interval: 0.071 to 0.168; p < 0.001). The effect sizes did not differ by measurements of PTG and participants' age and gender but were smaller in studies with a binary variable of physical activity, a sample of participants with moderate or advanced diseases, and a longer period since the stressful event. The meta-ethnographic synthesis identified potential processes linking physical activity and PTG, including perceptions of self, social experiences, philosophical re-evaluation, and health effects. Conclusions: This review suggest physical activity is a behavioral factor that may facilitate PTG. It highlights methodological considerations for further research.