Spatial variation of PM2.5, PM10, PM2.5 absorbance and PMcoarse concentrations between and within 20 European study areas and the relationship with NO2 - Results of the ESCAPE project

被引：405

作者：

Eeftens, Marloes ^{[1
]}

Tsai, Ming-Yi ^{[2
,3
,4
]}

Ampe, Christophe ^{[5
]}

Anwander, Bernhard ^{[6
]}

Beelen, Rob ^{[1
]}

Bellander, Tom ^{[7
]}

Cesaroni, Giulia ^{[8
]}

Cirach, Marta ^{[9
,10
,11
]}

Cyrys, Josef ^{[12
,30
]}

de Hoogh, Kees ^{[13
]}

De Nazelle, Audrey ^{[10
,11
]}

de Vocht, Frank ^{[14
]}

Declercq, Christophe ^{[15
]}

Dedele, Audrius ^{[16
]}

Eriksen, Kirsten ^{[17
]}

Galassi, Claudia ^{[18
]}

Grazuleviciene, Regina

Grivas, Georgios ^{[19
]}

Heinrich, Joachim ^{[12
,32
]}

Hoffmann, Barbara ^{[20
,31
]}

Iakovides, Minas ^{[21
]}

Ineichen, Alex ^{[2
,3
]}

Katsouyanni, Klea ^{[22
]}

Korek, Michal ^{[7
]}

Kraemer, Ursula ^{[20
]}

Kuhlbusch, Thomas ^{[23
]}

Lanki, Timo ^{[24
]}

Madsen, Christian ^{[25
]}

Meliefste, Kees ^{[1
]}

Moelter, Anna ^{[14
]}

Mosler, Gioia ^{[13
]}

Nieuwenhuijsen, Mark ^{[9
,10
,11
]}

Oldenwening, Marieke ^{[1
]}

Pennanen, Arto ^{[24
]}

Probst-Hensch, Nicole ^{[2
,3
]}

Quass, Ulrich

Raaschou-Nielsen, Ole ^{[17
]}

Ranzi, Andrea ^{[26
]}

Stephanou, Euripides ^{[21
]}

Sugiri, Dorothee ^{[20
]}

Udvardy, Orsolya ^{[27
]}

Vaskoevi, Eva

Weinmayr, Gudrun ^{[20
,28
]}

Brunekreef, Bert ^{[29
]}

Hoek, Gerard ^{[1
]}

机构：

[1] Univ Utrecht, Inst Risk Assessment Sci, NL-3508 TD Utrecht, Netherlands

[2] Swiss Trop & Publ Hlth Inst, Dept Epidemiol & Publ Hlth, Basel, Switzerland

[3] Univ Basel, Basel, Switzerland

[4] Univ Washington, Dept Environm & Occupat Hlth Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA

[5] AIRPARIF, Paris, France

[6] Inst & Umwelt & Lebensmittelsicherheit Landes Vor, Bregenz, Austria

[7] Karolinska Inst, Inst Environm Med, S-10401 Stockholm, Sweden

[8] Lazio Reg Hlth Serv, Dept Epidemiol, Rome, Italy

[9] CREAL, Barcelona, Spain

[10] Hosp del Mar, Res Inst, IMIM, Barcelona, Spain

[11] CIBER Epidemiol & Salud Publ CIBERESP, Barcelona, Spain

[12] HMGU Inst Epidemiol II, Neuherberg, Germany

[13] Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Dept Epidemiol & Biostat, MRC HPA Ctr Environm & Hlth, London, England

[14] Univ Manchester, Ctr Occupat & Environm Hlth, Manchester, Lancs, England

[15] French Inst Publ Hlth Surveillance InVS, St Maurice, France

[16] Vytautas Magnus Univ, Kaunas, Lithuania

[17] Danish Canc Soc Res Ctr, Copenhagen, Denmark

[18] AOU San Giovanni Battista CPO Piedmont, Turin, Italy

[19] Natl Tech Univ Athens, Sch Chem Engn, GR-10682 Athens, Greece

[20] Univ Dusseldorf, IUF Leibniz Res Inst Environm Med, D-40225 Dusseldorf, Germany

[21] Univ Crete, Dept Chem, Environm Chem Proc Lab, Iraklion, Greece

[22] Natl & Kapodistrian Univ Athens, Dept Hyg Epidemiol & Med Stat, Med School, Athens, Greece

[23] IUTA Inst Energie & Umwelttech, Duisburg, Germany

[24] Natl Inst Hlth & Welf THL, Dept Environm Hlth, Kuopio, Finland

[25] Norwegian Inst Publ Hlth, Div Epidemiol, Oslo, Norway

[26] ARPA Emilia Romagna, Reg Reference Ctr Environm & Hlth, Modena, Italy

[27] Natl Inst Environm Health, Dept Air Hyg, Budapest, Hungary

[28] Univ Ulm, Inst Epidemiol & Med Biometry, Ulm, Germany

[29] Univ Med Ctr Utrecht, Julius Ctr Hlth Sci & Primary Care, Utrecht, Netherlands

[30] Univ Augsburg, Ctr Environm Sci, D-86159 Augsburg, Germany

[31] Univ Dusseldorf, Fac Med, D-40225 Dusseldorf, Germany

[32] HMGU Inst Epidemiol I, Neuherberg, Germany

来源：

ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT | 2012年 / 62卷

关键词：

Traffic; PM2.5; PM10; Coarse particle; Soot; Spatial variation; PARTICULATE AIR-POLLUTION; LONG-TERM EXPOSURE; ELEMENTAL COMPOSITION; AIRBORNE PARTICLES; BACKGROUND SITES; NITROGEN-DIOXIDE; SAHARAN DUST; LUNG-CANCER; FINE; HEALTH;

D O I：

10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.08.038

中图分类号：

X [环境科学、安全科学];

学科分类号：

08 ; 0830 ;

摘要：

The ESCAPE study (European Study of Cohorts for Air Pollution Effects) investigates relationships between long-term exposure to outdoor air pollution and health using cohort studies across Europe. This paper analyses the spatial variation of PM2.5. PM2.5 absorbance, PM10 and PMcoarse concentrations between and within 20 study areas across Europe. We measured NO2, NOx, PM2.5. PM2.5 absorbance and PM10 between October 2008 and April 2011 using standardized methods. PMcoarse was determined as the difference between PM10 and PM2.5. In each of the twenty study areas, we selected twenty PM monitoring sites to represent the variability in important air quality predictors, including population density, traffic intensity and altitude. Each site was monitored over three 14-day periods spread over a year, using Harvard impactors. Results for each site were averaged after correcting for temporal variation using data obtained from a reference site, which was operated year-round. Substantial concentration differences were observed between and within study areas. Concentrations for all components were higher in Southern Europe than in Western and Northern Europe, but the pattern differed per component with the highest average PM2.5 concentrations found in Turin and the highest PMcoarse in Heraklion. Street/urban background concentration ratios for PMcoarse (mean ratio 1.42) were as large as for PM2.5 absorbance (mean ratio 1.38) and higher than those for PM2.5 (1.14) and PM10 (1.23), documenting the importance of non-tailpipe emissions. Correlations between components varied between areas, but were generally high between NO2 and PM2.5 absorbance (average R-2 = 0.80). Correlations between PM2.5 and PMcoarse were lower (average R-2 = 039). Despite high correlations, concentration ratios between components varied, e.g. the NO2/PM2.5 ratio varied between 0.67 and 3.06. In conclusion, substantial variability was found in spatial patterns of PM2.5, PM2.5 absorbance, PM10 and PMcoarse. The highly standardized measurement of particle concentrations across Europe will contribute to a consistent assessment of health effects across Europe. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

引用

页码：303 / 317

页数：15

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