Snow cover characterization using C-band polarimetric SAR in parts of the Himalaya

Assessment of the snow cover state in the initiation zone of an avalanche is essential for the snow avalanche hazard mapping in the mountainous region. Seasonal snow cover is very dynamic in the Himalaya and changes its state from dry to moist or wet according to temperature during the progression of winter. In this study, a methodology based on decomposition techniques using polarimetric syn-thetic aperture radar (SAR) data in conjunction with field snow wetness profiles is adapted for characterization of snow cover into dry and moist or wet snow in the Himalayan region. C-band Radarsat-2 full-polarization SAR data is utilized for polarimetric descriptors generation by applying various in-coherent target decomposition techniques, viz., Yamaguchi 4-component, Freeman Durden 3 -component and Wishart Unsupervised (H -a). The generated polarimetric descriptors, viz., surface, volume, double-bounce and helix scattering are utilized in the supervised classification and Entropy (H) and mean scattering angle (a) for understanding the underlying scattering process happening within the snowpack. These decomposition models although describes various physical scattering mecha-nisms but are inadequate to provide quantitative estimates of underlying physical properties (as in our case changes in snowpack wet-ness). A supervised classification based on support vector machine (SVM) is used to characterize snow cover with changing conditions of snow wetness from dry to moist or wet. Three data sets of snow-accumulation and snow-melt period of winter 2015 are processed and analyzed along with field snow wetness (% by volume) profiles. A total 47 Nos. of snow wetness profiles of the snowpack are collected using snow fork instrument in synchronous with satellite passes at well distributed, identifiable field locations and are used in the training (34 Nos.) and testing (13 Nos.) of the SVM model. Snow being heterogeneous material varies metamorphically within snowpack. Based on changing weather conditions and sun exposure duration, it results into different scattering behavior in microwave region of the elec-tromagnetic spectrum. It has been qualitatively observed from target decomposition results that polarimetric descriptors generated using Yamaguchi 4-component scattering decomposition have better captured the increase in the surface scattering (during February and March imagery, due to wet snow conditions of snow cover) from volume scattering (during January imagery, due to dry or moist snow conditions) from seasonal snowpack over the acquisition period from January to March 2015. Further to understand and comprehend the scattering process in the snowpack metamorphism with time, Wishart unsupervised (H -a) classification has been applied on all Radarsat-2 datasets. It was observed in the Himalayan region that during 29 Jan 2015 under dry snow conditions, anisotropic and mul-tiple scattering processes dominates and during period between 22 Feb 2015 and 18 Mar 2015 under moist or wet snow conditions the dipole and Bragg type scattering are dominating. A confusion matrix has been generated for the accuracy assessment of the SVM based classification results, which shows overall accuracy -79.6 % (for 29 Jan 2015), 72.4 % (for 22 Feb 2015) and 74.5 % (for 18 Mar 2015), respectively with the testing samples. The C-band polarimetric SAR data shown its capability for snow cover type characterization and can be applied for operational applications in the avalanche zones of the snow bound terrain. (c) 2022 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.