Electrical protection for the grid-interconnection of photovoltaic-distributed generation

Distribution network and transmission system operators (DNOs and TSOs) who are obliged to connect photovoltaic-distributed generation (PV-DG) to their respective distribution networks or power systems need a coherent set of electrical protection requirements for safe operation. Nonetheless, the growing importance of PV-DG has prompted continuous reformulations of these requirements. Within this context, this paper gives a detailed overview of electrical protection requirements for PV-DG grid-interconnection from the LV to the HV-EHV level. For this purpose, we have analysed national and regional codes that have been proposed and enacted in many countries where high PV penetration levels have been achieved or are expected to be achieved in the future. This survey focuses on protection relays and their settings. Also included are the ancillary services to be provided by PV-DG, specifically at the HV-EHV level. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All Fights reserved.