Sulfur isotopes in sediment-hosted orogenic gold deposits: Evidence for an early timing and a seawater sulfur source

We report sulfur isotopic compositions of sulfides of various paragenctic stages in the giant Sukhoi Log sediment-hosted orogenic An deposit in Russia. The overall mean value and the significant variability in early pyrite indicate that the sulfur was from the reduction of seawater sulfate. The later generations of sulfide have VS values in successively smaller ranges, coincident with the mode that is around the median value of the whole data set. Together with textural evidence, sulfide trace element data, and gold occurrence, the data demonstrate that metamorphism has gradually homogenized the early sulfur, accompanied by the segregation of quartz and the release of An from the lattice of earl), pyrite and its reprecipitation as inclusions in later pyrite. The S isotopic compositions of sulfides in Sukhoi Log, and many other major orogenic An deposits hosted in sedimentary rocks of various ages, show a pattern generally parallel to the seawater sulfate curve through geologic time, indicating that the sulfur in most sediment-hosted orogenic An deposits was probably also originally from the reduction of seawater sulfate. We conclude that sulfidation and gold mineralization in many, sediment-hosted orogenic gold deposits was early during basin evolution when seawater was the principal active fluid, rather than later, during or after basin inversion. as proposed in current models.