Carfentanil: a narrative review of its pharmacology and public health concerns

被引:0
作者
Leen, Jessica L. S. [1 ]
Juurlink, David N. [1 ,2 ,3 ,4 ]
机构
[1] Sunnybrook Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Med, Div Clin Pharmacol & Toxicol, G-106,2075 Bayview Ave, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada
[2] Inst Clin Evaluat Sci, Toronto, ON, Canada
[3] Univ Toronto, Inst Hlth Policy Management & Evaluat, Toronto, ON, Canada
[4] Sunnybrook Res Inst, Toronto, ON, Canada
来源
CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANESTHESIA-JOURNAL CANADIEN D ANESTHESIE | 2019年 / 66卷 / 04期
关键词
FENTANYL; POTENT; HYDROCHLORIDE; METABOLISM; CASUALTIES; EXPOSURE; EFFICACY; CITRATE; SAFETY; MOSCOW;
D O I
10.1007/s12630-019-01294-y
中图分类号
R614 [麻醉学];
学科分类号
100217 ;
摘要
Carfentanil is a synthetic fentanyl analogue approved for veterinary use. It is a mu-opioid receptor agonist with an estimated analgesic potency approximately 10,000 times that of morphine and 20-30 times that of fentanyl, based on animal studies. Since 2016, an increasing number of reports describe detection of carfentanil in the illicit drug supply. Little is known about the pharmacology of carfentanil in humans. Its high potency and presumed high lipophilicity, large volume of distribution, and potential active metabolites have raised concerns about the management of people exposed to carfentanil as well as the safety of first responders. Exposed individuals exhibit features of an opioid toxidrome and respond to opioid antagonists such as naloxone, although empiric dose requirements are unknown and very high doses may be required. Rare reports of suspected accidental poisoning of first responders have not been analytically confirmed and are unlikely to represent true poisoning. General occupational hygiene measures, including regular decontamination with soap and water, basic personal protective equipment (nitrile gloves, N95 mask, and eye goggles), and ready access to naloxone are generally sufficient in most circumstances. ResumeLe carfentanil est un analogue synthetique du fentanyl approuve pour usage veterinaire. C'est un agoniste du recepteur mu des opioides ayant une puissance analgesique estimee, a partir d'etudes chez l'animal, a environ 10000fois celle de la morphine et 20 a 30fois celle du fentanyl. Depuis 2016, un nombre croissant de rapports font etat de la presence de carfentanil dans les drogues illicites. On ne sait que peu de choses sur la pharmacologie du carfentanil chez l'homme. Sa puissance pharmacologique et sa forte lipophilie supposee, un grand volume de distribution et de possibles metabolites actifs ont souleve des preoccupations pour le traitement des personnes exposees au carfentanyl et pour la securite des premiers intervenants. Les sujets exposes presentent les caracteristiques d'un syndrome toxique aux opioides et repondent a leurs antagonistes, comme la naloxone, bien que les doses empiriques necessaires soient inconnues et qu'il faille possiblement administrer de tres fortes doses. Les rares descriptions d'intoxications accidentelles suspectees chez des premiers intervenants n'ont pas ete confirmees par des analyses et il est peu probable qu'elles representent de veritables empoisonnements. Des mesures generales d'hygiene professionnelles, incluant une decontamination reguliere a l'eau et au savon, un equipement de protection individuelle elementaire (gants en nitrile, masque N95, et lunettes de protection), ainsi qu'un acces rapide a la naloxone sont generalement suffisants dans la majorite des cas.
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页码:414 / 421
页数:8
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