Carbon-hydrogen bond activation with a cyclometalated zirconocene hydride: Mechanistic differences between arene and alkane reductive elimination

Thermolysis of the cyclometalated zirconocene hydride (eta(5)-C5H3-1,3-(SiMe3)(2))(eta(5)-C5H3-3-SiMe3-1-eta(1)-SiMe2CH2)ZrH, at 45 degrees C in benzene-d(6) or toluene-d(8), resulted in H/D exchange arising from reversible C-H activation of sp(2)-hybridized bonds. More careful inspection of the isotopic exchange reactions by NMR spectroscopy revealed formation of zirconocene aryl hydride complexes in equilibrium with the cyclometalated hydride compound. In contrast, activation of (dimethylamino)pyridine (DMAP) was complete at 23 degrees C and afforded the ortho-metalated (dimethylamino)pyridyl hydride. Performing the thermolysis of the cyclometalated zirconocene hydride in alkane solvents resulted in activation of a second [SiMe3] group on the opposite cyclopentadienyl ring, forming the C-2-symmetric double-cyclometalated complex (eta(5)-C5H3-3-SiMe3-1-eta(1)-SiMe2CH2)(2)Zr. Isotopic labeling studies demonstrated that neopentane reductive elimination to yield the cyclometalated hydride proceeds through a cyclometalated assisted pathway, while the analogous extrusion of benzene occurs by direct C-H bond reductive coupling, possibly a consequence of the lower orbital reorganization energy associated with the sp(2)-hybridized carbon. Activation of DMAP follows a different course, where the nucleophilicity of the heterocycle induces reductive elimination and subsequent ortho metalation. In contrast, conversion of the cyclometalated zirconocene hydride to the double-cyclometalated derivative most likely occurs by sigma-bond metathesis, highlighting the various pathways available for carbon-hydrogen bond activation.