Biocompatible Materials for Continuous Glucose Monitoring Devices

Progress in the development of continuous glucose monitoring technologies are discussed, specifically focusing on subcutaneous implantable electrochemical glucose sensors. The first dedicated glucose analyzer for direct measurement of glucose in whole blood samples was launched by Yellow Spring Instruments in 1975. Second generation electrochemical glucose biosensors employ electron mediators, which are capable of shuttling electrons from the redox center of the enzyme to the surface of the electrode, thus allowing for a lower applied electrode potential. Glucose detection based on optical approaches are categorized as fluorophore and non-fluorophore. Fluorophore-based approaches employ a spectroscopic affinity sensor wherein glucose and a fluorophore-labeled molecule bind competitively with a receptor. The synthesis of antifouling materials has evolved to be a common strategy for improving glucose sensor functionality as the initial adhesion of proteins and cells onto a glucose sensor dampens sensor performance.