Self-reports on memory functioning in a longitudinal study of the oldest old: Relation to current, prospective, and retrospective performance

Self-evaluation of memory performance, one aspect of metamemory, may be an important indicator of concurrent, retrospective, or future decline in memory functioning. The relationships among self-evaluations, cognition, and outcome were investigated in the OCTO study, a longitudinal, population-based panel of the oldest old. Using concurrent data, results indicated that overall cognitive ability, depression, gender, and education were associated with self-reports of memory for the entire sample. The relation of perception of decline to actual decline was also examined. Self-reported decline over a 2-year period was associated with actual decline in performance on three tests of memory. Finally, self-reported memory function war, investigated as an indicator of future cognitive decline and diagnosis of dementia. These self-evaluations predicted decline on specific tests of memory over 2 years and subsequent diagnosis of dementia after 2 and 4 years. The amount of variance accounted for by self-evaluations, however, was relatively small, suggesting that complaints reflect different processes, only one of which is the pathological decline involved in dementia.