Immunohistochemical analysis of the activation of NF-κB and expression of associated cytokines and adhesion molecules in human models of allergic inflammation

To investigate the role of NF-kappa B in regulating allergic inflammation, a monoclonal antibody directed to the activated form of NF-kappa B has been developed and immunohistochemistry has been employed to study the pro-inflammatory transcriptive function of NF-kappa B and the adhesion molecules and cytokines that it regulates. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) exposed to physiological levels of TNF alpha demonstrated dose- and time-dependent cytoplasmic and nuclear activation of NF-kappa B, followed by up-regulation of ICAM-1, This was suppressed by the selective inhibitors of NF-kappa B activation, calpain and gliotoxin. Using monoclonal antibodies directed to NF-kappa B and associated cytokines and adhesion molecules, immunohistochemistry was applied to bronchial explants stimulated ex vivo with TNF alpha, and to nasal polyp tissue, embedded in glycol methacrylate. Stimulation of the bronchial explants increased expression of NF-kappa B, IL-8, and GM-CSF in the epithelium and endothelium and ICAM-1 in the endothelium. In nasal polyp, expression of NF-kappa B was in the epithelium, the endothelium and in submucosal mast cells, eosinophils, T and B lymphocytes, and macrophages, Thus, immunohistochemistry can be used to determine the cellular provenance of NF-kappa B and its activation status in single cell and complex tissue systems, in parallel with appropriate inflammatory markers. Copyright (C) 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.