Characterization and evaluation of phosphate microsensors to monitor internal phosphorus loading in Lake Erie sediments

Monitoring phosphate concentration is very important to prevent and control eutrophication in natural waters. In this study, cobalt-based microsensors were modified, characterized, and tested to monitor internal soluble phosphorous (SRP) loading in lakes with improved detection limits. The effectiveness of surface modification on the performance of a cobalt-based microelectrode was fully examined by determining detection limit, response time, selectivity, interference with ions (sulfate, nitrate, and nitrite) and dissolved oxygen (DO). To assess their performance, phosphate sensors were applied to sediment samples collected from Lake Erie. SRP loading from sediments was determined under different DO conditions. After increasing the phosphate sensing area and modifying the surface, phosphate microsensors showed an increased detection limit of up to 10(-8) M concentration of phosphate ion. The phosphate microsensor also showed its ability to measure sediment SRP profiling without disturbing sediment structure, and diffusion coefficients of phosphate in sediment could be determined under both oxic and anoxic conditions. Modified phosphate sensors showed improved sensitivity and could be applied to both water and sediment samples with high spatial resolution; however, signal interferences (especially with oxygen) required consideration during sample analysis. Overall, obtained results showed that phosphate microsensors can be an effective tool for measurement of phosphate in lake water and sediment samples for SRP monitoring. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.