Red tape and public managers' decision making

Whereas past studies have examined organizational red tape in terms of either particular organizational processes, time required to fulfill organizational functions, or managers' perceptions, our research anchors red-tape constructs in the context of particular decisions. Using data from a mail questionnaire survey of public managers in state health and human services organizations, the study hypothesizes that public managers'assessments of the red tape in decisions is a function of degree of external control, number of participants in decisions, the reversibilily of decisions, "risk culture," and especially the decision content. After using multiple regression to control for possible spurious relationships, the results suggest a two-factor explanation; specifically, assessments of the red tape in decisions are accounted for by the organization's level of hierarchy (more hierarchical organizations have more red tape in decisions) and by the particular content of the decisions.