Evidences of electrochemical graphene functionalization and substrate dependence by Raman and scanning tunneling spectroscopies

Electrochemical functionalization and possible hydrogenation of treated epitaxial graphene samples on 6H-SiC are presented. To attract H+ ions to react with the exposed working cathode, a 10% sulfuric acid electrolyte was used with a Pt counter anode. Functionalization was determined using Raman spectroscopy and measured by a marked increase in I(D)/I(G) ratio and introduction of C-H bond peak at similar to 2930 cm(-1). There was also a marked increase in fluorescence background, which clearly differentiates functionalization from lattice damage in the graphene. Quantifying the fluorescence, we estimate that H-incorporation as high as 50% was achieved based on results on hydrocarbons, although other functional groups cannot be excluded. We further distinguished these functionalization signatures from lattice damage through measurements on nanocrystalline graphene on a and m plane SiC, which displayed very different surface morphologies and no measureable fluorescence. Finally, we show that the extent of functionalization is strongly substrate dependent by using samples cut from three semi-insulating 6H-SiC substrates with similar resistivity but orientations varying from on-axis (similar to 0.02 degrees), 0.5 degrees to 1.0 degrees off-axis. This functionalization was found to be thermally reversible at similar to 1000 degrees C. Scanning tunneling spectroscopy indicates the presence of sp(3)-like localized states not present in the starting graphene, further supporting the assertion that functionalization has occurred. (C) 2012 American Institute of Physics. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4725489]