Accounting global grey water footprint from both consumption and production perspectives

Grey water footprint (GWF) accounting has previously been conducted at the global level using a bottom-up approach but lacking detailed industrial information. Here we applied a multi-region input-output approach based on the World Input-Output Database (WIOD) to quantify global GWF of 40 countries/regions with 35 economic sectors. The GWF from both the production perspective (GWFP), and the consumption perspective (GWFC) are quantified. The results show that the global GWFP/GWFC was 1507.9 km(3) in 2009. Except for the "Agriculture, Hunting, Forestry and Fishing" sector, the industrial sectors with the largest GWFC were "Food, Beverages and Tobacco", "Construction", "Chemicals and Chemical Products", and "Textiles and Textile Products". The BRIC countries (Brazil, Russia, India, China) had a larger GWFP than their GWFC, which accounted for over half of global GWFP (53.6%), and their GWFP was mainly generated from the production of domestic final demand. In contrast, the OECD29 and EU27 groups of countries i.e. the country groups consisting mainly of economically advanced nations, had larger GWFC than their GWFP. Overall, the OECD29 and EU27 outsourced 134.8 km(3) and 64.4 km(3) of their grey water respectively, mostly to large newly advanced economies such as the BRIC group of countries, which, in turn, were collectively outsourcing 112 km(3) of grey water. Quantitative approaches are thus suggested for development, aimed at shared responsibility for water pollutant discharge among poor exporters and wealthy consumers. (C) 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.